Comparing risk changes of needlestick injuries between countries adopted and not adopted the needlestick safety and prevention act: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether countries that adopted the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act (NSPA) achieved a reduced risk of needlestick injuries (NSIs). METHOD: In this meta-analysis, 3 international databases (Embase, PubMed, and MEDLINE EBSCO) and 1 Chinese database (Airiti Library) were searched using appropriate keywords to retrieve relevant articles, including multiyear NSI incidences that were published after 2010. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies was used to evaluate article prevalence. A binary random-effects model was used to estimate risk ratio as summary effect. A log scale was used to evaluate differences in risk ratios of NSIs between countries that adopted versus those that did not adopt the NSPA. RESULTS: In total, 11 articles were included in the meta-analysis from 9 countries, and NSI incidence rates were surveyed between 1993 and 2016. The risk ratios of NSIs in countries with and without the NSPA were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.91) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.85-1.12), respectively, and the ratio of risk ratios was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.98). Reduction in NSI incidence was more prominent in nurses than in physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the mandatory use of safety-engineered medical devices in countries that adopted the NSPA had lower NSI incidence in healthcare workers compared with countries without needlestick safety and prevention regulatory policies. Further studies are needed to develop preventive strategies to protect against NSIs in physicians, which should be incorporated into the standards of care established by national regulatory agencies.

Unusual Near-Horizon Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV.

ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of 0.37_{-0.17}^{+0.27} anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous noninverted polarity, a p=5.3×10^{-4} chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights.

Aspirin/antiplatelet agent use improves disease-free survival and reduces the risk of distant metastases in Stage II and III triple-negative breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The objective is to define the therapeutic role of antiplatelet agents in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) population. METHODS: We performed retrospective analysis using the UTSW TNBC registry containing data from 222 Stage II-III TNBC patients treated between 1998 and 2016. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS), distant metastases rate (DMR), and overall survival outcomes. Antiplatelet drug use was determined by review of electronic medical records. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients used antiplatelet (AP) agents, and 157 patients did not use AP agents. Median follow-up for AP and non-AP groups was 41.3 and 40.9 months, respectively. There was an improvement in the AP group compared with the control group in 5-year DFS (80.4% at 5 years compared with 62.3% in the control group, p = 0.04) and 5-year DMR (8.8 vs. 31.9%, p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, AP use was found to be significantly associated with improvements in DFS and DMR. CONCLUSIONS: We illustrate that antiplatelet agent use improves DMR and DFS among a stage II and III TNBC population despite our short follow-up evaluation. Longer follow-up evaluation will be required to determine additional outcome advantage for antiplatelet agent use. Our findings support consideration of investigation of antiplatelet therapy as an adjunctive therapy for TNBC at high risk for disease recurrence.

Up-and-down shift in residence depth of slickheads (Alepocephalidae) revealed by otolith stable oxygen isotopic composition.

Otolith δ(18)O profiles for four slickhead species (Alepocephalidae) suggested that Alepocephalus umbriceps, Talismania okinawensis and Rouleina watasei migrated hundreds of metres to shallower depths during the juvenile to young stages before returning to their original depth or even deeper waters. Xenodermichthys nodulosus gradually shifted residence depth from shallow to deeper water during their life. These migratory patterns indicated that the slickheads examined had allopatric residence depths at different life stages, which might enhance the pelagic survival and growth rates of the juvenile and young fishes.

Incidence of percutaneous injury in Taiwan healthcare workers.

Reporting of percutaneous injuries (PIs) to the Chinese Exposure Prevention Information Network (EPINet) became mandatory for all public and tertiary referral hospitals in Taiwan in 2011. We have estimated the number of microbially contaminated PIs and the national PI incidence using a retrospective secondary data analysis approach to analyse 2011 data from the Chinese EPINet to determine the types of PI, mechanisms of occurrence and associated risks. The results revealed a national estimate of PIs between 6710 and 8319 in 2011. The most common incidents for physicians were disposable syringes, suture needles, and disposable scalpels; while for nurses they were disposable syringes, intravenous catheters, and lancets. About 13·0% of the source patients were seropositive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen, 13·8% were seropositive for hepatitis C virus (HCV), and 1·1% seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). From these results we estimate that annually 970 full-time healthcare workers (HCWs) would be exposed to HBV, 1094 to HCV, and 99 to HIV. This study improves our understanding of the mechanisms and risks of PIs and informs the development of more efficient preventive measures to protect HCWs from such injuries.

Vertical habitat shift of viviparous and oviparous deep-sea cusk eels revealed by otolith microstructure and stable-isotope composition.

Otolith stable-oxygen-isotope composition and microstructure were analysed in order to investigate the vertical habitat shift of deep-sea cusk eels (Ophidiiformes). Otolith δ18 O profiles suggested that both viviparous blind cusk eels and oviparous cusk eels experienced a pelagic larval stage and then settled to the deep-sea floor over a vertical distance that ranged among individuals from 200 to >1000 m. This result shows that the larvae of viviparous Barathronus maculatus undertake an ontogenetic vertical migration after a period of larval drift that may facilitate their wide distribution on the sea floor.

Do otolith annular structures correspond to the first freshwater entry for yellow European eels Anguilla anguilla in the Baltic countries?

To examine the relationship between freshwater entry and otolith annular structures, a total of 113 naturally recruited European eels Anguilla anguilla from Lithuania and Latvia that entered fresh water at least once were collected. In some individuals (8.3-11.3%), the first freshwater entry coincided with a dark check that was distinctly different from neighbouring annuli. In most individuals (81.7-84.9%), the first freshwater entry occurred on rings and increments indistinguishable from other annuli. For the remaining individuals (3.8-10%), the first freshwater entry did not correspond to any otolith ring, band or annulus. According to recent evidence, the observed high correspondence between the first freshwater entry and otolith annuli was more likely due to the movement into fresh water during winter when the annulus was deposited, rather than stress resulting from habitat change. Consequently, the age estimation based on otoliths might be less influenced by this habitat change during the yellow eel stage.

Spatio-temporal variation in the elemental compositions of otoliths of southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii in the Indian Ocean and its ecological implication.

The elements Na, Mg, Mn, Ca, Sr and Ba in otoliths of southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii, collected from their feeding ground in the central Indian Ocean and spawning ground between southern Java and north-western Australia were measured by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and compared among sampling locations and developmental stages. The Na, Mg and Mn to Ca concentration ratios were significantly higher at the larval stage than at the adult stage, and the ratio reached a peak at the first inflection point of the otolith, mean +/-s.d. 43.3 +/- 4.9 days after hatching and decreased sharply to a low level thereafter. The temporal change of the elements:Ca ratios in the first inflection point corresponded to the life stage transition from larva to juvenile, indicating that the uptake rate of elements from ambient waters was significantly influenced by the ontogenetic change in the fish. The elemental composition at the otolith edge differed significantly in sub-adults on the feeding grounds and adults on the spawning grounds. Thus, the otolith elemental composition can be used as a biological tracer to study the time of the ontogenetic shift and to reconstruct the past migratory environmental history of T. maccoyii. In addition, the elemental composition of the otolith core of the adult was similar between feeding and spawning grounds, indicating that the fish in the Indian Ocean had the same larval origin, which is consistent with the single spawning population hypothesis.

Ethmoid sinus mycology of chronic rhinosinusitis.

This goal of this study was to demonstrate whether fungi were present in the ethmoid sinus in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Before surgery, swab specimens were collected from the middle meatus for conventional fungal cultures, and lavaged fluid was collected from the nasal cavity for fungal cultures by Ponikau's method. During surgery, tissue specimens were taken from the inferior turbinate and the anterior ethmoid sinus for conventional fungal cultures and detection of fungal DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The ethmoid sinus mucosa with coating mucus was also collected for fungal cultures by Ponikau's method. Among 53 specimens, three middle meatal specimens and 27 lavaged specimens (50.9%) grew fungi. Inferior turbinal mucosa did not grow fungi, but three ethmoid sinus specimens grew fungi by the conventional fungal culture method and by Ponikau's method. Alternaria DNA was detected in 42 inferior turbinal specimens (79.3%) and in 39 ethmoid sinus specimens (73.6%). Our study showed that although fungi were rarely cultured from the ethmoid sinus Alternaria DNA was detected in most of the ethmoid sinus mucosa.

Preliminary report of associated factors in wound infection after major head and neck neoplasm operations--does the duration of prophylactic antibiotic matter?

The aim of this study was to investigate whether an extended course of prophylactic antibiotic could reduce the wound infection rate in a subtropical country. Fifty-three consecutive cases scheduled to receive major head and neck operations were randomised into one-day or three-day prophylactic antibiotic groups. Thirteen cases (24.5 per cent) developed wound infections after operations. The duration of prophylactic antibiotic was not related to the surgical wound infection. However, pre-operative haemoglobulin less than 10.5 g/dl (odds ratio: 7.24, 95 per cent confidence interval: 1.28-41.0) and reconstruction with a free flap or pectoris major myocutaneous flap during the operation (odds ratio: 11.04, 95 per cent confidence interval: 1.17-104.7) were associated factors significantly influencing post-operative wound infection. Therefore, one day of prophylactic antibiotic was effective in major head and neck procedures but should not be substituted for proper aseptic and meticulous surgical techniques.

Occurrence of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in Japanese eels Anguilla japonica from a river and an aquaculture unit in SW Taiwan.

The infection by swimbladder nematodes of the genus Anguillicola (Dracunculoidea: Anguillicolidae) was examined in 2 populations of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in SW Taiwan. Wild eels from the Kao-Ping river were compared with cultured eels from an adjacent aquaculture unit. Only the cosmopolitan species Anguillicola crassus was present. Among wild eels, prevalence of infection varied between 21 and 62%, and mean intensity between 1.7 and 2.7 for adult worms. Similar intensity values (1.3 to 2.8) were recorded for the larvae. In cultured eels, prevalence as well as mean intensities were higher. In the cultured hosts, mean larval intensities exceeded those of adult worms 2-fold, and maximum larval intensities were 4- to 5-fold higher than in eels from the river. In cultured eels, dead larvae were also more abundant than in wild eels. We conclude that infrapopulations of A. crassus in Japanese eels are regulated by the defense system of this host, intraspecific density-dependent regulation being less likely as the major regulatory mechanism. No influence of the parasite on eel condition was found in either wild or cultured eels, indicating a low or moderate pathogenic effect of A. crassus on this host. This study shows that A. crassus is moderately common in cultured and wild Japanese eels in Taiwan, where the parasite is endemic.

Estimation of the risk of bloodborne pathogens to health care workers after a needlestick injury in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the number of health care workers (HCWs) in Taiwan at risk annually for contracting hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV after a needlestick and sharps injury (NSI) with a used hollow-bore needle. METHODS: All patients hospitalized in 1 tertiary hospital between September 1997 and June 1998 had routine pathological work-ups. On the first day of the months of September 1997, December 1997, March 1998, and June 1998, 1805 samples of deidentified residual sera randomly sampled from 18,474 inpatients older than 6 years were serologically tested for antigens to HBV (HBsAg and HBeAg) and antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HIV (anti-HIV) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reagents. The frequency of NSIs with contaminated devices in HCWs from 16 public teaching hospitals between July 1996 and June 1997 and the serologic results were used to extrapolate the estimated annual rate of seroconversion in HCWs after an NSI. RESULTS: Of the 1805 samples tested, 16.7% were seropositive for HBsAg (of which 1.7% were positive for HBeAg), 12.7% were positive for anti-HCV, and 0.8% were positive for anti-HIV. Of the 7550 NSIs reported by 8645 HCWs, 66.7% involved a contaminated hollow-bore needle. From these data, 308 to 924 HCWs were estimated to be at risk for contracting HBV; 334 to 836 were at risk for contracting HCV; and, at the most, 2 were at risk for contracting HIV. The estimated annual number of contaminated NSIs sustained by 4 categories of HCWs ranged from 0.3 to 0.7, resulting in 543 nurses, 113 technicians, 80 physicians, and 66 supporting staff to be at risk annually of acquiring HBV infection. The numbers of HCWs estimated to be at risk of acquiring HCV were 596 nurses, 90 physicians, 84 technicians, and 30 supporting staff. The risk of acquiring HIV was low, with 1 nurse and possibly 1 other staff potentially exposed annually. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates of the risk for seroconversion after an NSI have demonstrated that an occult risk can be formulated into a quantifiable risk. The number of susceptible HCWs at risk for seroconversion is as many as 1762 annually. With the number of nurses employed and the frequency with which they use sharps and sustain an NSI, 64.7% of all possible seroconversions will be in the nursing staff. This is a salient reminder of the importance of the introduction of early training in safe-needle-handling techniques before nurses enter their internship in countries where safety equipment, safety instructions, and staff vaccination programs are absent.

Sharps injuries among hospital support personnel.

Sharps injuries (SIs) among support personnel in hospitals have received little attention in the scientific literature. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to measure the incidence of SIs in Taiwanese support personnel. All support personnel, including laundry workers, cleaners, porters and central supply workers, from 16 hospitals were surveyed for SIs, sustained between June 1996 and July 1997. Either a questionnaire or face-to-face interviews, for those staff with a literacy problem, were used. Of the 862 persons eligible for study, 79.4% (684) were evaluable. Few staff (30.4%) had attended a prevention programme and 61% had suffered an SI in the past year. Few (25.4%) reported their injury. Hollow-bore needles, of which 72.2% had been used, were associated with 42.2% of injuries. Cleaners sustained the majority (65.7%) of injuries, and inappropriate disposal was associated with 54.7% of all injuries. For those staff employed for more than four years, the risk of sustaining an injury increased significantly with length of employment (P<0.001). Most of the injuries were sustained by cleaners handling sharps inappropriately disposed of by clinical staff. A safer environment for support staff could be achieved with the co-operation of clinical staff to correctly dispose of sharps to ensure single handling of sharps. A formal orientation of support staff in the reporting of SIs would enable clinical assessment and management of injuries, as well as an evaluation of needle and sharps safety in the healthcare setting.

Histopathology of cochlear implants in humans.

The insertion of an intrascalar electrode array during cochlear implantation causes immediate damage to the inner ear and may result in delayed onset of additional damage that may interfere with neuronal stimulation. To date, there have been reports on fewer than 50 temporal bone specimens from patients who had undergone implantation during life. The majority of these were single-channel implants, whereas the majority of implants inserted today are multichannel systems. This report presents the histopathologic findings in temporal bones from 8 individuals who in life had undergone multichannel cochlear implantation, with particular attention to the type and location of trauma and to long-term changes within the cochlea. The effect of these changes on spiral ganglion cell counts and the correlation between speech comprehension and spiral ganglion cell counts were calculated. In 4 of the 8 cases, the opposite, unimplanted ear was available for comparison. In 3 of the 4 cases, there was no significant difference between the spiral ganglion cell counts on the implanted and unimplanted sides. In addition, in this series of 8 cases, there was an apparent negative correlation between residual spiral ganglion cell count and hearing performance during life as measured by single-syllable word recognition. This finding suggests that abnormalities in the central auditory pathways are at least as important as spiral ganglion cell loss in limiting the performance of implant users.

Morphology of glass fibers in electronics workers with fiberglass dermatitis--a scanning electron microscopy study.

BACKGROUND: Fiberglass is used as a reinforcement filler material in printed circuit boards (PCBs) which are widely used in the electronics industry. In a recent survey, we demonstrated that fiberglass dermatitis is the most common occupational dermatosis among electronics industry workers in Taiwan. Little is known, however, about the morphologic structures of the glass fibers which induce dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to assess the morphology of fiber spicules and to determine the relationship of this structure to fiberglass dermatitis. METHODS: Fourteen female patients with a diagnosis of fiberglass dermatitis were selected for study. The diagnosis was confirmed in all patients by positive skin stripping for glass fibers and matching with glass fibers from dust collected in work areas and from samples collected by scraping the edge of PCBs. Samples of collected glass fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: SEM of the fiberglass samples revealed that fibers were approximately 10 microm in diameter. In samples from both the edge of PCBs and from dust collected in work areas, SEM revealed that most of the fibers were in bundles of various sizes and lengths. All fibers collected from patients' skin by tape stripping showed a singular spicule, most had a sharp free end, and the lengths were in the range 50-150 microm . CONCLUSIONS: Singular glass fibers with a sharp free end and a length of 50-150 microm are most likely to induce fiberglass dermatitis.

Nursing in Taiwan.

Although 10 years ago there was a crucial nursing shortage, Taiwan is currently experiencing an oversupply due to recent education reforms. Many new junior colleges have now been approved to take nursing courses. Taiwanese nurses are graduating at greater numbers than are leaving the profession, causing an ever increasing surplus.

Prevalence of nonreporting behavior of sharps injuries in Taiwanese health care workers.

BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) were surveyed to identify factors associated with nonreporting behavior of sharps injuries (SIs) in Taiwan. METHODS: We surveyed 10,469 full-time medical, nursing, technical, and supporting personnel employed at 16 randomly selected hospitals from 132 available accredited teaching hospitals in Taiwan. Information about the most recent injury and reporting behavior after an SI were collected from July 1996 to June 1997 by using a pretested structured questionnaire. Eleven categories, including an open-ended option, were provided for participants to explain their nonreporting behavior. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 82.6% (8645) of our sample, of whom 87.3% reported to have experienced a recent SI. A used item was the most commonly (P <. 001) involved item in an SI, and SIs with a used item were significantly more likely (odds ratio 3.6; CI 95%, 3.03-4.26; P <. 001) to be reported compared with an SI that involved unused items. A total of 81.8% of injuries were not reported, with job category significantly affecting reporting behavior (P <.001). Medical staff had the highest nonreporting rate (85.2%). Although attendees of a prevention program were statistically more likely (P <.001) to report an injury compared with nonattendees, the level of reporting in both groups was not encouraging (21.3% and 17.2%, respectively). All reasons given for nonreporting were disconcerting, but none more so than the use of subjective assessment of risk by 21.7% of HCWs who did not report their injuries. Other reasons for not reporting SIs included that the item was unused (34%) and that the HCW was too busy to report the SI (14.9%), unaware of reporting requirements (14. 4%), or immune to hepatitis B virus (12.4%). CONCLUSIONS: With 82% of SIs in Taiwanese HCWs going unreported, the expected national incidence will be seriously underestimated and impact the appropriateness of prevention programs. The very low rate of reporting suggests that the current reporting system requires simplification. Because most injuries involved used items, the reporting systems also should include a more responsive management component. The results also suggest that the current prevention programs, currently provided by the general nursing department, require expert content knowledge in infection control if nonreporting and SIs are to be reduced.

Needlestick and sharps injuries among health-care workers in Taiwan.

Sharps injuries are a major cause of transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses and human immunodeficiency virus in health-care workers. To determine the yearly incidence and causes of sharps injuries in health-care workers in Taiwan, we conducted a questionnaire survey in a total of 8645 health care workers, including physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, and cleaners, from teaching hospitals of various sizes. The reported incidence of needlestick and other sharps injuries was 1.30 and 1.21 per person in the past 12 months, respectively. Of most recent episodes of needlestick/sharps injury, 52.0% were caused by ordinary syringe needles, usually in the patient units. The most frequently reported circumstances of needlestick were recapping of needles, and those of sharps injuries were opening of ampoules/vials. Of needles which stuck the health-care workers, 54.8% had been used in patients, 8.2% of whom were known to have hepatitis B or C, syphilis, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Sharps injuries in health-care workers in Taiwan occur more frequently than generally thought and risks of contracting blood-borne infectious diseases as a result are very high.

Employers' awareness and compliance with occupational health and safety regulations in Taiwan.

An investigation of employers' awareness and compliance with occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations was conducted in a representative group of employers randomly selected from the manufacturing industry in Taiwan. A total of 1,003 employers were interviewed by trained public health personnel. Ten questions related to perceptions of general OHS and five practices on OHS regulations were measured. The results of this study show that the employers were better aware of their responsibility for posting safety warnings, personal protection and providing safety and health equipment. They were less aware of their responsibility in minimizing injuries and accidents in the workplace and in not hiring someone who was found unfit for a certain job from pre-employment physical examination. Less than half of employers knew about regulations of environmental monitoring and even fewer had heard of Material Safety Data Sheets. Level of education and size of the plant were highly associated with employers' awareness of OHS and the awareness was the most significant predictor in the five practices of OHS regulations in this study. Promotion of employers' awareness of OHS in small sized industries in particular, is warranted to enhance better compliance, and a focus for these efforts is identified by this investigation.